The development of the working alliance inventory.
A Horvath, L Greenberg Guilford Press 1986
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Present stages of development and preliminary validation of a self-report instrument for measuring the quality of alliance, the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI). The measure is based on Bordin's (1980) pantheoretical, tripartite (bonds, goals, and tasks) conceptualizaton of the alliance. Results from 3 studies were used to investigate the...
Examined time limited (10 sessions) counseling treatments to explore the history of the working alliance over time. Measures used were a working alliance inventory and a session evaluation questionnaire. Similar patterns of working alliance development were reported by 2 counselors across 4 clients (aged 28–49 yrs). The initial developmen...
Results of 24 studies (based on 20 distinct data sets) relating the quality of the working alliance (WA) to therapy outcome were synthesized using meta-analytic procedures. A moderate but reliable association between good WA and positive therapy outcome was found. Overall, the quality of the WA was most predictive of treatment outcomes ba...
The relation of the working alliance, as assessed by A. O. Horvath and L. Greenberg's (1986) Working Alliance Inventory (WAI), was examined with respect to (a) a set of client variables (hostility, quality of past and current relationships, level of adjustment, and type of presenting concern) and (b) premature termination status. Ratings ...
Traces the development of the concept of the therapeutic working alliance from its psychodynamic origins to current pantheoretical formulations. Research on the alliance is reviewed under 4 headings: the relation between a positive alliance and success in therapy, the path of the alliance over time, the examination of variables that predi...
This study investigated the relationship between working alliance and problem resolution, among other variables, from the perspective of 102 coaches with psychology or counseling backgrounds. Results of the analyses suggested that coaches' perceptions of the working alliance were positively associated with problem resolution in both face-...
The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989) and the Working Alliance Inventory–Short (WAI-S; Tracey & Kokotovic, 1989) are widely used measures of alliance in therapy. This study evaluated the factor structure of the WAI and WAI-S with confirmatory factor analysis in two relatively large samples (Ns = 231 and 235). The...
This article reports on a research synthesis of the relation between alliance and the outcomes of individual psychotherapy. Included were over 200 research reports based on 190 independent data sources, covering more than 14,000 treatments. Research involving 5 or more adult participants receiving genuine (as opposed to analogue) treatmen...
The quality of coaching working alliances is crucial for coaching success. Determining the ingredients that contribute to a high-quality coaching working alliance is an important question for research. Interpersonal behavior is considered to be a vital factor for a successful coach– client working alliance. This study analyzes how a coach...
This large-scale study of executive coaching explores the perceived effectiveness of coaching from the perspectives of coach, coachee, and sponsor, and potential active ingredients including the coach–coachee working alliance, coachee self-efficacy, personality, and “personality match” between coach and coachee. Using a retrospective desi...
Vague definitional descriptors of the Coaching Alliance Common Factor measurement threaten construct validity in coaching research. Further, differing coach and client perceptions of the helping relationship, and coaching and therapeutic client dissimilarities compound the risk. Ten clients representing a global leadership coaching practi...